Over the past 20 years, Pixar Animation Studios has pushed the limits of computer-animation to new heights. "Cars" posed some of Pixar's greatest challenges to date.

Creating the metallic and painted surfaces of the car characters was the biggest challenge. An algorithmic rendering technique known as "ray tracing" was used for the first time to give the filmmakers the look and effect that they wanted. "Given that the stars of our film are made of metal, [director] John [Lasseter] had a real desire to see realistic reflections, and more beautiful lighting than we've seen in any of our previous films," says supervising technical director Eben Ostby. "In the past, we've mostly used environment maps and other matte-based technology to cheat reflections, but for 'Cars' we added a ray-tracing capability to our existing Renderman program to raise the bar."

Ray tracing has been around for many years, but it was up to Pixar's rendering team to introduce it into nearly every shot in "Cars." Jessica McMackin was responsible for rendering the film's final images, while Tony Apodaca had to figure out how to minimize the rendering time. In addition to creating accurate reflections, they used ray tracing to achieve other effects, like shadows from multiple light sources, occlusion (the absence of ambient light between two surfaces, such as a crease in a shirt), and irradiance (glowing casts of light).

Another big accomplishment was the ground-locking system that kept the cars firmly planted on the road. Characters supervisor Tim Milliron managed the group in charge of modeling, rigging, and shading the characters, and wrote the code for this program. "The ground-locking system is one of the things I'm most proud of on this film," says Milliron. "In the past, characters have never known about their environment, but on 'Cars,' this system is built into the models themselves, so as you move the car around, it sticks to the ground. It was one of those things that we do at Pixar where we knew going in that it had to be done, but we had no idea how to do it."

Milliron's group was also responsible for the stadium car crowds during the film's opening and ending race sequences. With 120,000 cars in the stands, they were the biggest crowd scenes ever done at Pixar (far surpassing the milling ants in "A Bug's Life"). Complicating the situation, all of the crowd vehicles were animated.

Steve May, the effects supervisor for "Cars," brought that same level of scrutiny to nearly half of the film's 2,000 shots. Among the numerous effects created for the film were dust clouds trailing behind cars, tire tracks, skid marks, water, smoke, and drool (from Mater's front end).

Many NASCAR professionals joined the Pixar team to create 'Cars.'
Copyright Disney/Pixar. All Rights Reserved
Many NASCAR professionals joined
the Pixar team to create "Cars."

The NASCAR Connection

Delivering authenticity to the cast for "Cars" are vocal performances from some of the greatest names from the racing world, including Richard Petty, Mario Andretti, Dale Ernhardt Jr., Darrell Waltrip, and Michael Schumacher. Veteran Olympic and sports commentator Bob Costas lends his seasoned voice to the character of Bob Cutlass, the colorful host at the film's racing events. Tom and Ray Magliozzi (known as Click and Clack, the Tappet Brothers), hosts of the popular NPR program "Car Talk," weigh in as the not-so-desirable sponsors Rusty and Dusty Rust-eaze.

To help capture the thrills and excitement of the film's racing scenes, Jeremy Lasky, the director of photography and the man responsible for camera and layout, and his team visited many car races, and had extensive talks with the camera experts who photographed such events. Veteran Fox Sports director Artie Kemper, a pioneer in televising car races, proved to another valuable information source.

Says Lasky, "Artie gave us really great notes about where he would typically place his cameras on the track. He also talked about shots that he wished he could get. We were able to do a lot of things that were impossible for him to do. We could put a camera under the car, place one on the middle of the track, set up a crane shot that comes down and have the cars race right over the top of the cameras. Artie told us that he wished he had those toys.

"The camera placement in 'Cars' allowed us to put the audiences right in the middle of the excitement. We put them into a world they were familiar with, and then we hit them with shots that they've never seen. The film has these spectacular moments where the cars are ripping two millimeters past the camera lens, which is impossible in live-action, and we set it up for them to believe it's possible."

How the Sound Works

To underline the racing tie-in, director John Lasseter knew he needed a great score. He hired longtime collaborator Randy Newman, a 2002 Oscar winner for his song "If I Didn't Have You" from "Monsters, Inc." For "Cars," Newman worked in the studio with a 110-piece orchestra and recorded side sessions with mandolin, guitar, and harmonica to give the sound a bluegrass quality.

"Every Randy Newman score is unlike the one before it," says Lasseter. "He can write the most emotional songs, and he can write some of most humorous songs you've ever heard. He's incredibly funny and smart. Randy's score for 'Cars' reflects the two distinct worlds -- the modern world where it's all about being fast; and Radiator Springs, where the one commodity they have is time. Everything is slower there, and Randy uses a combination of bluegrass, jazz, and pure Americana to capture that. The racing world has a heavy dose of rock 'n' roll."

'Cars' Characters


The characters are what drives Pixar-produced movies, and "Cars is no exception.

"When they write these movies at Pixar, they start with the heart of the character first," says Bonnie Hunt, the actress who serves as the voice of Sally Carrera. "Once the heart is there, it doesn't matter what's on the outside so even a car becomes a character and a personality. [Director] John Lasseter and the artists at Pixar provide the imagination that is the gold mine of their storytelling process. Anything that you can possibly visualize in your mind, they bring to life."

Here's a look at each of the "Cars" characters:

The Stars

Lightning McQueen

Poised to become the youngest car ever to win the Piston Cup Championship, this hotshot rookie race car has just two things on his mind: winning and the perks that come with it. Actor Owen Wilson ("Bottle Rocket," "Shanghai Noon," "Meet the Fockers," and "Wedding Crashers") is the voice of the brash race car who learns that life is about the journey.

"John would walk me through the storyboards and sometimes show me some rough animation to get me up to speed," says Wilson about the dialog recording sessions. "You get a good idea of what's going on from the script, but a lot of times it involves using your imagination. It kind of felt like when you were a kid, and you would do funny animated voices. You're dreaming the stuff up and creating a character."

The car design visuals were inspired by numerous sources. "To get some insights into McQueen, we studied famous cocky characters who are also charming," says directing animator James Ford Murphy. "We looked at guys like Joe Namath, Muhammed Ali, and even Kid Rock. All these guys are super cocky but you still like them. Owen was really able to get that across, where he says something cocky, but he says it in such a charming way that you almost don't hear what he's saying."

McQueen was fondly named after actor Steve McQueen, the "king of cool" and an avid car racer who starred in films like "Le Mans."

Mack and Lighning McQueen on the race track.
Copyright Disney/Pixar. All Rights Reserved
Mack and Lightning McQueen on the race track.
Mack

As McQueen's trusted driver, he is willing to push the limits of his own sanity and sleep requirements to accommodate his celebrity employer, even if it means falling asleep at the wheel and losing his boss. The back of Mack's truck is McQueen's luxurious bachelor pad, and it's fully loaded with the best in fiber optics, TVs, massage chairs, and more.

No Pixar film is complete without a vocal performance by John Ratzenberger of "Cheers" fame, and in "Cars," the character actor takes on the voice of the 1985 Mack Super-Liner. Having provided voices for all six of Pixar's previous films, he's known as the studio's good luck charm.

"I'm the lucky one," says Ratzenberger. "Pixar creates history with each one of their films and I feel lucky to be a part of it. 'Cars' really took my breath away. At first you're struck by the detail, and then you forget you're watching an animated feature about cars. It really tugs at your heart strings."

The Competition

The King

Otherwise known as Strip Weathers, this 1970 Plymouth Superbird is a racing legend who has won more Piston Cups races than any other car in history. Despite his fame, he's a down-home guy who knows it takes more than trophies to make a true champion. He believes in hard work, team playing, and making time for his wife, Mrs. The King. Racing legend Richard Petty, a seven-time NASCAR Nextel Cup Championship winner, lends his voice to this classy champ. His wife, Lynda, provides a cameo voice as The King's car-mate.

Chick Hicks

This racing veteran is a ruthless competitor, who has bumped and cheated his way into more second-place finishes than any other car. Forever living in The King's shadow, he's the consummate runner-up and will stop at nothing to win the Dinoco sponsorship. Actor Michael Keaton ("Mr. Mom," "Batman," and "Herbie: Fully Loaded") gets down and dirty as the voice of this hard-driving road warrior.

The Cars of Radiator Springs

The cars of Radiator Springs.
Copyright Disney/Pixar. All Rights Reserved
The cars of Radiator Springs.

Doc Hudson

A seemingly quiet country doctor with a mysterious past, this 1951 Hudson Hornet is the cornerstone of Radiator Springs. Respected and admired by the townsfolk, Doc is a car of few words and is unimpressed by the town's newest arrival: Lightning McQueen. Oscar winner
Paul Newman gives a winning performance as the voice of this venerable vehicle.

"The vocal aspect of Doc's character came very quickly," says Newman, an actor as well as a serious race car driver. He's listed in the
"Guinness Book of World Records" as the oldest driver to win a professionally sanctioned race, a feat he accomplished at the 24 Hours of Daytona race in 1995 when he was 70. "[Doc] was southern, he was old, he was tired, and he was smart. Doing a voice for an animated film is so different from making a live-action film. You bring nothing physical to the role. You don't bring your appearance or your physical mannerisms; you don't bring anything except your voice. That's the only instrument that you have. I took a lot of the stuff he said, and tried to give it to the director exactly as he wanted, and then I tried to augment and exaggerate it."

Sally Carrera

This sporty Porsche from California grew tired of life in the fast lane and made a new start for herself in Radiator Springs. As the proprietor of the Cosy Cone Motel, and one of the town's most optimistic boosters, she has high hopes that Radiator Springs will one day return to its former glory and wind up "back on the map." She takes an instant shine to Lightning McQueen and helps to steer him in the right direction. In her third assignment for Pixar, multi-talented actress/filmmaker Bonnie Hunt ("A Bug's Life," "Monsters, Inc.," "Cheaper By the Dozen") gives a premium performance.

Lightning McQueen and Sally Carrera out for a Sunday drive.
Copyright Disney/Pixar. All Rights Reserved
Lightning McQueen and Sally Carrera out for a Sunday drive.
Mater

This good ol' boy tow truck may be a bit rusty on the outside, but he has the quickest towrope in Carburettor County and is always the first to lend a helping hand. Sweet and loyal to a fault, Mater befriends McQueen. Stand-up comedy sensation Larry the Cable Guy gives a "tow-de-force" vocal performance that's both funny and touching.

"Mater is a little bit like me, actually," says Larry. "He's grown up in a small town his whole life, and I'm from a town of 1,200. And what he thinks is fun and exciting, somebody in the city would go, 'That's stupid. Why would you do somethin' like that?' But in his world, it's the most exciting thing he's ever done. If you ever wanted a friend, you'd want Mater. He's McQueen's buddy to the end, and he'd do anything for that guy. There's not a mean bone in his rusty body."

Mater was an audience favorite who was just as popular with the animators. "In a way he became the centerpiece of the movie," says Doug Sweetland, supervising animator. "Animators loved to work on the character because he was so physical and gave them a lot to sink their teeth into. The model provided a little more freedom because the truck had a separate cab and bed, and then there was the tow cable that you could incorporate as a tail, or even twirl like a helicopter. Mater does all sorts of stuff with it. And Larry the Cable Guy gave us a lot to work with, too. He's so funny and yet his performance has so much heart. To me, it's one of those incredibly perfect voices, like Sterling Holloway with Winnie the Pooh."

"Mater is the definition of true friendship," says director John Lasseter. "Joe [Ranft] and I loved this beat-up rusty tow truck that was always there for his friends. More than any other character that we've created at Pixar, I'm probably proudest of Mater."

Fillmore

The resident hippie is a 1960 VW bus who brews his own organic fuel and preaches its many benefits. His conspiracy theories, unkempt yard, and electric-guitar renditions of the "Star-Spangled Banner" don't sit well with his patriotic neighbor, Sarge, but despite their frequent disagreements, they can't live without one another. Comedy legend George Carlin -- the creator of the stand-up character The Hippy-Dippy Weatherman and other hippie-era favorites -- gives a far-out performance as the voice of this peace-loving bus.

Sarge

This patriotic 1942 WWII Willy's Army jeep runs the army surplus store, Sarge's Surplus Hut, and is seen manicuring the lawn in front of his Quonset hut into a precise flat-top. Although he likes to complain about his VW bus neighbor, he knows that life is more interesting with Fillmore around. Actor Paul Dooley ("Breaking Away," and "Desperate Housewives") sounds off as this regimented vehicle whose bark is worse than his bite.

Ramone

The proprietor of Ramone's House of Body Art, this 1959 Impala low-rider is a true wizard with paint and metal, but he hasn't had anyone to customize in years. While waiting for a paying customer to come along, he re-paints himself daily and hopes that McQueen will let him add a few new flourishes. Comedian/actor Cheech Marin delivers a colorful vocal performance.

Flo

Married to Ramone and the owner of Flo's V-8 Cafe, Flo is a sassy, no-nonsense 1950s show car. Offering the "finest fuel in 50 states," Flo's is a popular gathering spot for the locals to sip some oil, share some gossip, and listen to a little motherly advice from Flo herself. It was love at first sight for Flo and Ramone when they met while she was traveling across country as a glamorous Motorama girl. Jenifer Lewis goes with the "flo" as the voice of this spirited character.

Lightning McQueen with forklift friend Guido and the excitable Luigi.
Copyright Disney/Pixar. All Rights Reserved
Lightning McQueen with forklift friend Guido and the excitable Luigi.
Luigi

Big-hearted, gregarious, and excitable, this 1959 Fiat 500 runs the local tire shop, Luigi's Casa Della Tires, which is the "Home of the Leaning Tower of Tires." With his forklift pal, Guido, by his side, Luigi is an avid race car fan (with a bias toward Ferraris) who is always eager to please. Business hasn't been good in years, so any car can count on a bargain for a new set of wheels from this merry merchant. Tony Shalhoub ("Monk," "Big Night") puts the accent on comedy in this tireless performance.

Sheriff

Route 66 expert and author Michael Wallis provides the voice of this 1949 Mercury Police Cruiser, sworn with upholding the peace in Radiator Springs. Always on the prowl for would-be speeders who might want to barrel through his town, Sheriff enjoys telling stories about his beloved Mother Road and taking the occasional nap behind the town's billboard.


'Cars' Scene Guide


One thing that makes the "Cars" DVD enjoyable is the ability for fans to repeatedly watch their favorite scenes. Download a comprehensive roadmap to the scenes of "Cars" with our
"Cars" scene guide
here. We show you the highlights below.

Scene One: "Dinoco 400" [9:26]. This title sequence introduces rookie race car Lightning McQueen as he psyches himself up for a big race in which he's set to challenge the current champion, The King, and Chick Hicks, who has long raced in the champ's shadow. McQueen enters the Motor Speedway racetrack to the cheers of a packed arena and effortlessly passes the competition.

Scene Two: "Victory Lane" [4:10]. McQueen maneuvers his way through a bad pile-up on the track to take the lead while The King and Chick Hicks make pit stops. McQueen decides not to enter the pit, against the advice of his own pit crew. McQueen says he doesn't need his crew and ends up blowing two tires just before he reaches the finish line, giving The King and Chick a chance to catch up. The big finish is too close to call.

Scene Three: "Rust-Eaze" [2:30].
While judges replay film footage to determine the leader, McQueen dreams of victory, and fantasizes about winning the rich Dinoco sponsorship and leaving his original Rust-Eaze sponsors in the dust. But judges announce it's a three-way tie that will be broken in a winner-take-all race in California the following week.

Scene Four: "Life Is a Highway" [3:33]. This is a montage of McQueen riding in the back of his fancy car-carrier driven by loyal Mack, the only pit crew member who hasn't deserted the pompous McQueen. They leave the speedway and hit the highway to California, with Mack driving day and night while McQueen rests in luxury. Mack gets weary, but McQueen refuses to let him regroup at a rest stop.

Scene Six: "Into Town" [2:53]. Looking for Mack and Interstate 40, McQueen mistakenly turns onto old Route 66, speeds, and is pursued by the local sheriff. As McQueen tears into the town of Radiator Springs, he makes a huge mess of things and is caught.

Mater tows McQueen to traffic court.
Copyright Disney/Pixar. All Rights Reserved
Mater confronts booted Lightning McQueen before taking him to traffic court.

Scene Nine: "Traffic Court" [4:15]. Mater tows McQueen to traffic court to face sentencing by the town judge, Doc Hudson. Sally, the sultry Porsche who left a big-city law firm for small-town life, persuades the court to sentence McQueen to community service to repair the road he wrecked.

Scene 12: "Doc's Challenge" [4:05]. McQueen announces he's done and is going, until the town discovers he's done a horrible job that makes the road worse than it was before. Doc orders him to scrape it off and start again. They make a deal: If Doc can beat McQueen in a dirt race around the butte, he'll stay and redo the road. The race is on. Doc starts confidently, but McQueen doesn't know how to drive off-road and spins out on a turn.

Scene 13: "A New Road" [2:44]. Having lost the bet, McQueen goes back to work on the road, working all night to scrape the sloppy asphalt he laid. In the morning, the town awakens to find a beautiful, smooth blacktop running through half of the town.

Scene 16: "Tractor Tipping" [3:06]. After nightfall, Mater invites McQueen tractor tipping for some country fun. McQueen tries it by revving his engine, causing the entire tractor herd to bolt and fall over. This alerts a giant thresher that comes to chase McQueen and Mater back into town.

Scene 17: "Backwards Driving" [3:41]. Now friends, Mater and McQueen drive back to town. McQueen reveals his crush on Sally, and Mater demonstrates his skill as "the world's best backwards driver" and dreams of flying in a helicopter someday.

Scene 19: "Doc's Piston Cups" [2:00]. On the fourth day stuck in Radiator Springs, McQueen is desperate to leave and looks for Doc at his garage. Doc's not there, but three Piston Cups are, revealing Doc's big secret: He's really the Hudson Hornet, the record-holder for the most championship race wins until his big crash. Doc is aggravated by the discovery and worries that McQueen will reveal his past.

Scene 21: "Drive With Sally" [2:00]. McQueen has never gone for a pleasure drive before. He's soon charmed by the gorgeous Southwest scenery and Sally's playful flirtation.

Scene 27: "A New Customer" [2:36]. McQueen happily spends the whole day giving new business to everyone in town -- he gets new tires, organic gas, a paint job, and even a touristy bumper sticker.

Scene 28: "Cruisin'" [2:32]. Having helped out everyone in Radiator Springs, McQueen has one last surprise for Sally: He fixed the old neon signs just like they were in the town's heyday. Everyone in town celebrates by cruising the main street.

Scene 29: "McQueen Is Found" [5:05]. Suddenly, police helicopters and TV news camera crews swarm the town. They've found McQueen. With mixed emotions, he says goodbye to Sally, who thanks him for bringing the town back to life. McQueen is reunited with Mack, who quickly drives him away. Sally discovers it was Doc who selfishly tipped everyone off to McQueen's location.

The Future of Cars

The theatrical release of "Cars" coincided with the celebration of Pixar's 20th anniversary, and the company's 2006 acquisition by Disney. Since Disney purchased Pixar with plans to expand its slate of sequels for Pixar film titles, it's highly likely that a new cinematic model, "Cars 2," is already revving its motor on the start line.